In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. The first was its basic . The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Res. . chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. You can also search for this author in listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. (2004). This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. Everest. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. The 2023 quake may end his rule. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). 79 1237-1250. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. 125 people lost their lives, 248 were seriously injured. (2020). The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. Communications were severely tampered with. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. 4 259-277. Science, 294, 23282331. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. - 202.3.109.12. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Journal of Earth System Science. 70(3) 757-773. Your email address will not be published. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. The study reported that the recovery was faster . It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. (2016). Hayes et al. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). L. Fermor. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! 1250). Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! [5] In Rajnagar, near Madhubani, all the Kutcha buildings collapsed. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of 1442-1444. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Geol. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. 4. 259277). Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! The following is a summary of the sueeches. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. 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